Aliyev succeeded Magomedali Magomedov, who resigned on 16 February, citing age as the reason for stepping down.
Aliyev is Daghestan's first president after the position was set up in line with recent constitutional changes to replace the republic's collective presidency.
Russian President Vladimir Putin nominated Aliyev for the job. His main task will be to bring stability to Daghestan, which has seen a wave of bombings and assassinations.
(Interfax, ITAR-TASS, Reuters)