The Farda Briefing

Welcome back to The Farda Briefing, an RFE/RL newsletter that tracks the key issues in Iran and explains why they matter.

I'm senior correspondent Golnaz Esfandiari. Here's what I've been following and what I'm watching out for in the days ahead.

The Big Issue

Russian President Vladimir Putin visited Iran on July 19 to bolster ties with Tehran. In only his second trip abroad after Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February, Putin met Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei and Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi.

In a sign of deepening relations, Khamenei voiced strong backing for Putin and appeared to endorse Moscow’s invasion. While Putin also met the presidents of Turkey and Syria in Tehran, his trip put the focus on growing ties between Tehran and Moscow. His visit came after U.S. President Joe Biden’s tour of the Middle East last week, during which he visited Israel and Saudi Arabia, Tehran’s regional foes, and vowed to counter Iran's threat in the region.

Why It Matters: Iran and Russia have tried to boost trade and military cooperation in recent years. But Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has brought the sides even closer. Both countries have been hit by Western sanctions and international isolation. Putin’s trip appeared designed to show that Tehran and Moscow have not been isolated.

Since then-U.S. President Donald Trump withdrew Washington from the Iran nuclear deal and reimposed sanctions in 2018, Tehran has followed a policy of "looking to the East," turning to allies Russia and China.

In turn, Russia has been the target of unprecedented Western sanctions following its invasion of Ukraine, forcing Moscow to also look to the East for political allies and trade partners. The policy of siding with Moscow has been viewed skeptically by an Iranian public that distrusts Russia. Iranians have been critical of Russia’s unprovoked war in Ukraine.

What's Next: Before Putin’s trip, the National Iranian Oil Company and Russian gas producer Gazprom signed a memorandum of understanding worth around $40 billion. In recent months, the countries have also pledged to increase trade cooperation. Despite the announcements, bilateral trade has not significantly increased.

The war in Ukraine has also resulted in Russia and Iran competing in the energy sector. Moscow has been offering discounted oil to Iran’s customers, resulting in Tehran’s exports falling sharply. It remains to be seen if plans by Iran and Russia to boost trade will materialize. Tehran and Moscow are also bolstering military cooperation. Washington has alleged that Iran is preparing to send hundreds of combat drones to Russia to use in its war in Ukraine, a move that could be a turning point in relations.

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A court in Tehran has said acclaimed Iranian filmmaker Jafar Panahi must serve a six-year sentence he was handed more than a decade ago for supporting anti-government rallies. Days prior to his arrest, Panahi was among more than 300 Iranian filmmakers and cultural activists who issued a statement condemning the recent arrests of cinematographers Mohammad Rasulof and Mostafa al-Ahmad. Panahi originally served two months in prison after his 2010 conviction before being granted a conditional release, which was revocable. As part of his release, he was banned from directing or writing screenplays, and from traveling abroad.

Iranian lawmaker Mostafa Mirsalim has revealed that his son has been jailed for having contacts with the exiled opposition group Mujahedin-e Khalq Organization (MKO), which is considered a terrorist group by Tehran. Mirsalim, a former presidential candidate, said his son was sentenced to five years in prison in February 2020 after being convicted of national security charges. Mirsalim said the MKO had attempted to use his son’s “weak point” to access classified information that he did not have access to.

What We’re Watching

In a landmark ruling in Sweden, a former Iranian official was sentenced to life in prison over the mass executions of up to 5,000 political prisoners in Iran in 1988. Hamid Nouri, who is believed to have served as an assistant to the deputy prosecutor at the Gohardasht prison in the city of Karaj, is the first person to be sentenced for his role in one of the Islamic republic’s darkest chapters. He was convicted of a "serious crime against international law" and "murder."

Why It Matters: The verdict is a victory for the families of the victims, survivors, and rights activists who have been demanding justice for decades. Nouri is likely to appeal the verdict, which was condemned by Tehran as “political.” Iran is likely to look for ways to put pressure on Sweden to release and return Nouri to Iran. The verdict comes following the recent detention of several Westerners in Iran. Iran also holds Swedish-Iranian researcher Ahmadreza Jalili, who was sentenced to death after being convicted of espionage. Tehran has long been accused of using detained foreign and dual nationals as pawns to gain leverage in its dealings with Western countries.

That’s all from me for now. Don't hesitate to send us any questions, comments, or tips that you have by responding to this e-mail or separately to newsletters@rferl.org.

Until next time,

Golnaz Esfandiari

Welcome back to The Farda Briefing, an RFE/RL newsletter that tracks the key issues in Iran and explains why they matter.

I'm Mehrdad Mirdamadi, a senior editor and journalist at RFE/RL's Radio Farda. Here's what I've been following and what I'm watching out for in the days ahead.

The Big Issue

Iranian authorities have launched a new crackdown on women who violate the country's "hijab and chastity" law, which requires women and girls over the age of 9 to wear a headscarf in public.

The hijab became compulsory after the 1979 Islamic Revolution. Many women have flouted the rule over the years and pushed the boundaries of what officials say is acceptable clothing.

But in recent weeks, women judged not to have respected the "complete hijab" have been banned from government offices, banks, and public transportation. The notorious Guidance Patrols, or morality police, have become increasingly active and violent. Videos have emerged on social media appearing to show officers detaining women, forcing them into vans, and whisking them away.

A July 5 order by President Ebrahim Raisi to enforce the hijab law has resulted in a new list of restrictions on how women can dress. In response, activists have launched a social media campaign under the hashtag #no2hijab to urge people to boycott companies complying with the tougher restrictions. On July 12, women's rights activists posted videos of themselves publicly removing their veils to coincide with National Day of Hijab and Chastity.

Why It Matters: The crackdown was launched soon after a speech by Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei on June 28, during which he said that "the God of 1981 is the same God as today." It was a reference to the year when Iran's new clerical establishment declared all political parties illegal, severely curtailed civil liberties, and arrested and executed hundreds of political dissents. Authorities used the brutal eight-year war with Iraq, which started in 1980, as a pretext to suppress dissent, impose widespread restrictions, and consolidate power.

More than 30 years later, the establishment is once again in need of what it has called "a harmonious obedience and united" society to confront "the enemy." If this cannot be achieved peacefully, Khamenei and his circle believe they can succeed by means used in the 1980s: brute force and suppression. As always, women find themselves on the front lines.​

What's Next: The growing disconnect between the authorities and the public means strict rules around the hijab are increasingly difficult to enforce. The younger generation has been through strict Islamic education and exposed to state propaganda about the "ideal Islamic lifestyle." Yet they have consistently and continuously chosen to live differently despite government pressure.

Gholamhossein Mohseni, the head of the judiciary, recently said the non-observance of the hijab in major cities was the result of "systematic efforts led by the enemies of Islamic republic to publicize vulgarity and coarseness directed by foreign secret services." His comments appear to suggest that authorities will not back down, a move that is likely to toughen resistance among women.

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Seven professors at Iran's Kermanshah University have been fired after a video of them performing a Kurdish folk dance at a graduation ceremony went viral, angering university officials. The video from the event, which was held on June 1 but only recently posted, shows several students and professors of both sexes dancing freely on a stage at the ceremony at the medical school in western Iran.

An Iranian lawmaker has said that the shortage of drugs in the country has reached a critical stage and the pharmaceutical industry is on the verge of collapse. Abdul Hossein Rohalmini said on July 6 that the 13 Aban Pharmacy, the biggest drug distributor in Iran, currently has a shortage of 356 pharmaceutical drugs. He said if this trend continues the country will face a "severe shortage" of medicines.

What We're Watching

Iran is waging a renewed crackdown on dissent, arresting several high-profile government critics including a reformist politician and three renowned filmmakers. The clampdown has coincided with rising anti-government sentiment and near-daily protests across the Islamic republic. The protests, often over economic grievances, have usually turned political, with protesters directing their fury at the clerical establishment. The recent arrests are likely a show of force and an attempt by authorities to sow fear among society.

Why It Matters: The establishment is confronted by multiple crises and an increasingly angry and disillusioned public. To regain control, the authorities are likely to use force and further curtail citizens' rights. Doing so would be increasingly difficult to justify, potentially leading to a showdown between government forces and the public.

That's all from me for now. Don't forget to send me any questions, comments, or tips that you have.

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Until next time,

Mehrdad Mirdamadi